As these systems were displaced by more decentralized market economies, the power and influence of top government officials declined. Highly centralized economies under state control had enabled political leaders to use their ready access to economic resources to reward their allies and punish their critics. Market economiesĪccompanying these ideological and institutional changes were changes in economic institutions. Similar failures contributed to the gradual disappearance of military dictatorships in Latin America in the 1980s and ’90s. Following the military defeat of Italy and Germany in World War II, the newer alternative of fascism was likewise discredited, as was Soviet-style communism after the economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990–91. With the victory of the Allies in World War I, the ancient systems of monarchy, aristocracy, and oligarchy ceased to be legitimate. What accounted for this rapid expansion of democratic institutions? Failures of nondemocratic systemsĪ significant part of the explanation is that all the main alternatives to democracy-whether of ancient or of modern origins-suffered political, economic, diplomatic, and military failures that greatly lessened their appeal. Altogether, these democratic and near-democratic countries contained nearly half the world’s population. In an additional one-sixth of the world’s countries, these institutions, though somewhat defective, nevertheless provided historically high levels of democratic government. At the beginning of the 21st century, independent observers agreed that more than one-third of the world’s nominally independent countries possessed democratic institutions comparable to those of the English-speaking countries and the older democracies of continental Europe. The spread of democracy in the 20th centuryĭuring the 20th century the number of countries possessing the basic political institutions of representative democracy increased significantly. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.
#Expansion of democracy in the world after 1980 how to#
COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more.Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions.Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives.
0 kommentar(er)
